Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution (820-825)
The Factory System AM
*With early capitalist society, the putting out system was used, allowing people to work in their own homes *During 17th and 18th century, new supplements to the system, with rising demand leading to workers doing specialized task in one location -largest pre-industrial work in mines and slaves on plantations A. The Factory AM
-replaced putting out system and protoindustrial factories
-emerged in late 18th century, with British textile industry, and used with co
tton in mid 19th century
-due to large expensive machine
-workers from country to give chap labor
-needed new division of labor, where every worker did one job, as described in the "wealth of nations"
-managers used strict discipline and close supervision. B. Working Conditions
-This new productivity brought on great advances, but problems were intrinsic to the system. Laborers found themselves dependent on their bosses for their livelihood, because factory owners were needed for their investment.
-Many workers found the skills they had before obsolete in the new environment
-Jobs were repetitive and boring
-Natural rhythms no longer dictated work schedules: managers did now
-Usual workload: 6 days a week, 12 to 14 hours a day
-They had strict supervision, and were pressured to speed up, and were punished when they did not meet goals
-Maiming/death were always probable C. Industrial Protest - In the early 1800s, workers started to protests harsh conditions -A group known as the Luddites were one of these collectives, they rampaged and destroyed factory components. They named their leader after a legend of a young boy who broke his father's knitting frame out of spite, for the symbolism -They never harmed people and were pretty popular, but after the violence expanded the British government cracked down, hanging 14.
The Early Spread of Industrialization
-For 50 years, industrialization occurred only in England.
-To maintain this advantage, authorities did not allow trade secrets/skilled workers to leave
-This advantage did not last, foreign government were keen to get these secrets and lure experts, not hesitating to bribe or kidnap British engineers or smuggle machinery A. Industrialization in Western Europe MN
-Mid 1800s spread to France, Germany, Belgium and US
-French Rev. and Napoleonic wars helped set up industrialization in W. Europe by ridding trade barriers and dismantling guilds(discouraged tech. innovation
-Early 1900s Belgium had earliest continental center of industrial production: coal, iron, textile, glass, etc.
-1830 French firms employed over 15000 skilled British workers, helped establish merchanized textile and metallurgical industries in France
-Mid 1800s French engineers and inventors were refining innovations which led to greater efficiency, especially in metallurgical industries
-Late 1800s boom in railroad construction jump-started economic development and led to decreasing transportation costs
-Political instability in German states caused German industrialization to move much slower than French or Belgian
-After 1840s German coal and iron production jumped
-By 1850s complex railroad system was under construction in Gerany
-Bismarck's gov sponsored quick industrialization in Germany after unification in 1871
-Bismarck encouraged development of heavy industry to strengthen military capacity
-Formation of huge businesses became pinnacle of German industrialization
-Krupp firm dominated mining, metallurgy, armaments production and shipbuilding B. Industrialization in North America DG
-1800, US had lots of land and resources, little money or laborers
-Many Europeans invested in US land and resources
-1820, cotton textile industry industrialized began by British craftsmen in New England
-Production of shoes, tools, and handguns emerged
-1870, iron and steel industry industrialized with abundance of iron ore and coal
-1900, US became powerhouse for resources, spilled into southern Canada
-To ease transportation; canals, steamships, and railroads established
-1860, rail networks linked the industrial and agricultural south, provided cheap transportation too
Industrial Capitalism
A. Mass Production
-the factory system was extended to industries other than the textile industry
-American inventor Eli Whitney developed a technique to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts for firearms
-machine tools were designed so that workers made only a particular part instead of the entire musket
-entrepreneurs used this method to manufacture many things: clocks, sewing machines, uniforms, shoes
-1913 Henry Ford implemented the assembly line to automobile production
-workers no longer worked in teams to build the entire car
-instead, the assembly line moved the car to the workers, where each individual performed a specialized task
-this improved speed from 728 minutes per car to 93
-early 20th century Ford Motor Company produced half of the world's automobiles
-better productivity resulted in cheaper cars, so even ordinary people could own a car B. Big Business
-machinery and factories were extremely expensive, so businesses began operating on a larger scale
-industrialization spurred the development of capitalist business organization
-manufacturers organized joint-stock companies to spread risk, achieve efficiency, and maximize profits C. The Corporation
-1850's and 1860's government authorities in Britain and France laid the foundations for the modern coporation, quickly became most common form of business organization in industrial societies
-a coporation was a private business owned by many, many investors through the purchase of stocks which represented shares in the company
-when a coporation did well financially, investors recieved dividends in proportion to their stake in the company
-if a corporation went bankrupt, laws protected shareholders from any liability or financial loss beyond their investments
-this was extremely attractive to investors because they could only lose the money they invested
-by late 19th century, corporations controlled most businesses using lots of land, labor, or machinery
-this included railroads and shipping lines D. Monopolies, Trusts, and, Cartels AM
-late 19th century, big businesses wanted to eliminate competition by restricting markets and setting up monopolies
-trusts and cartels to control the supply and price of a product
-vertical organization- control all facets of an industry, like everything related to petroleum, one company
-horizontal organization- consolidation or cooperation of many independent companies in the same business,with cartels ensuring its companies' prosperity by absorbing competitors, fixing prices, regulating production, or dividing up markets
-end of 19th century, some government broke up these combinations, yet reluctant to confront large businesses when the public didn't care, so monopolistic practices continued well into 20th century
Stock Certificate for Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust
Industrial Society AM
-brought inexpensive products, increased standards of living, population growth
-millions migrated from countries to cities, and Europeans went across Atlantic by tens of millions to seek opportunity in less populated regions
-emergence of middle and working class, and new patterns of family and work life for men, women, and children
-reformers tried to alleviate problems, especially equality loving socialists
The Fruits of Industry AM
-Efficiency resulted, with ideas such as interchangeable parts and other achievements
-Raised material standars of living, lowering clothing costs for all, and allowing tools facilitating agriculture to be produces, lowering food price, along with lowered furniture cost
The Factory System AM
*With early capitalist society, the putting out system was used, allowing people to work in their own homes
*During 17th and 18th century, new supplements to the system, with rising demand leading to workers doing specialized task in one location
-largest pre-industrial work in mines and slaves on plantations
A. The Factory AM
-replaced putting out system and protoindustrial factories
-emerged in late 18th century, with British textile industry, and used with co
tton in mid 19th century
-due to large expensive machine
-workers from country to give chap labor
-needed new division of labor, where every worker did one job, as described in the "wealth of nations"
-managers used strict discipline and close supervision.
B. Working Conditions
-This new productivity brought on great advances, but problems were intrinsic to the system. Laborers found themselves dependent on their bosses for their livelihood, because factory owners were needed for their investment.
-Many workers found the skills they had before obsolete in the new environment
-Jobs were repetitive and boring
-Natural rhythms no longer dictated work schedules: managers did now
-Usual workload: 6 days a week, 12 to 14 hours a day
-They had strict supervision, and were pressured to speed up, and were punished when they did not meet goals
-Maiming/death were always probable
C. Industrial Protest
- In the early 1800s, workers started to protests harsh conditions
-A group known as the Luddites were one of these collectives, they rampaged and destroyed factory components. They named their leader after a legend of a young boy who broke his father's knitting frame out of spite, for the symbolism
-They never harmed people and were pretty popular, but after the violence expanded the British government cracked down, hanging 14.
The Early Spread of Industrialization
-For 50 years, industrialization occurred only in England.
-To maintain this advantage, authorities did not allow trade secrets/skilled workers to leave
-This advantage did not last, foreign government were keen to get these secrets and lure experts, not hesitating to bribe or kidnap British engineers or smuggle machinery
A. Industrialization in Western Europe MN
-Mid 1800s spread to France, Germany, Belgium and US
-French Rev. and Napoleonic wars helped set up industrialization in W. Europe by ridding trade barriers and dismantling guilds(discouraged tech. innovation
-Early 1900s Belgium had earliest continental center of industrial production: coal, iron, textile, glass, etc.
-1830 French firms employed over 15000 skilled British workers, helped establish merchanized textile and metallurgical industries in France
-Mid 1800s French engineers and inventors were refining innovations which led to greater efficiency, especially in metallurgical industries
-Late 1800s boom in railroad construction jump-started economic development and led to decreasing transportation costs
-Political instability in German states caused German industrialization to move much slower than French or Belgian
-After 1840s German coal and iron production jumped
-By 1850s complex railroad system was under construction in Gerany
-Bismarck's gov sponsored quick industrialization in Germany after unification in 1871
-Bismarck encouraged development of heavy industry to strengthen military capacity
-Formation of huge businesses became pinnacle of German industrialization
-Krupp firm dominated mining, metallurgy, armaments production and shipbuilding
B. Industrialization in North America DG
-1800, US had lots of land and resources, little money or laborers
-Many Europeans invested in US land and resources
-1820, cotton textile industry industrialized began by British craftsmen in New England
-Production of shoes, tools, and handguns emerged
-1870, iron and steel industry industrialized with abundance of iron ore and coal
-1900, US became powerhouse for resources, spilled into southern Canada
-To ease transportation; canals, steamships, and railroads established
-1860, rail networks linked the industrial and agricultural south, provided cheap transportation too
Industrial Capitalism
A. Mass Production
-the factory system was extended to industries other than the textile industry
-American inventor Eli Whitney developed a technique to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts for firearms
-machine tools were designed so that workers made only a particular part instead of the entire musket
-entrepreneurs used this method to manufacture many things: clocks, sewing machines, uniforms, shoes
-1913 Henry Ford implemented the assembly line to automobile production
-workers no longer worked in teams to build the entire car
-instead, the assembly line moved the car to the workers, where each individual performed a specialized task
-this improved speed from 728 minutes per car to 93
-early 20th century Ford Motor Company produced half of the world's automobiles
-better productivity resulted in cheaper cars, so even ordinary people could own a car
B. Big Business
-machinery and factories were extremely expensive, so businesses began operating on a larger scale
-industrialization spurred the development of capitalist business organization
-manufacturers organized joint-stock companies to spread risk, achieve efficiency, and maximize profits
C. The Corporation
-1850's and 1860's government authorities in Britain and France laid the foundations for the modern coporation, quickly became most common form of business organization in industrial societies
-a coporation was a private business owned by many, many investors through the purchase of stocks which represented shares in the company
-when a coporation did well financially, investors recieved dividends in proportion to their stake in the company
-if a corporation went bankrupt, laws protected shareholders from any liability or financial loss beyond their investments
-this was extremely attractive to investors because they could only lose the money they invested
-by late 19th century, corporations controlled most businesses using lots of land, labor, or machinery
-this included railroads and shipping lines
D. Monopolies, Trusts, and, Cartels AM
-late 19th century, big businesses wanted to eliminate competition by restricting markets and setting up monopolies
-trusts and cartels to control the supply and price of a product
-vertical organization- control all facets of an industry, like everything related to petroleum, one company
-horizontal organization- consolidation or cooperation of many independent companies in the same business,with cartels ensuring its companies' prosperity by absorbing competitors, fixing prices, regulating production, or dividing up markets
-end of 19th century, some government broke up these combinations, yet reluctant to confront large businesses when the public didn't care, so monopolistic practices continued well into 20th century
Industrial Society AM
-brought inexpensive products, increased standards of living, population growth-millions migrated from countries to cities, and Europeans went across Atlantic by tens of millions to seek opportunity in less populated regions
-emergence of middle and working class, and new patterns of family and work life for men, women, and children
-reformers tried to alleviate problems, especially equality loving socialists
The Fruits of Industry AM
-Efficiency resulted, with ideas such as interchangeable parts and other achievements
-Raised material standars of living, lowering clothing costs for all, and allowing tools facilitating agriculture to be produces, lowering food price, along with lowered furniture cost